Information Need: The information needs; demands and wants have been used interchangeably, although they may not be identical. Information need involves a cognitive process which may operate on different levels of consciousness and, hence, may not be clear even to the inquirer himself / herself.
People
in different situations require information on a subject in different forms and
with different emphasis and different depth of explanation. Even the same
person seeks information in different ways and forms on various occasions depending
on his/her knowledge of the subject and the reasons for wanting the
information. So the information need is very difficult to define and
categorize.
a) Definition: Information need is seen as a subjective, relative
concept existing only in the mind of the experiencing individual. The Librarian’s Thesaurus defined
information need as “that need which library science and material are intended
to satisfy”.
Maurice
B. Line has defined information need as “what an individual ought to have for
his works, his research, his education, his recreation, etc”.
According
to Brenda Dervin, “an information need is an impediment preventing an
individual from moving forward in cognitive time and space. The person is faced
with a gap that must be brought by “asking question, creating ideas and for
obtaining resources. Such gaps do not occur in the abstract but arise out of a
particular critical event and situation”.
Faibisoff
and Ely (1976) viewed information need as either shaped by activity such as
problem solving or decision making or manifest through a passive reception of
information which is stored as knowledge.
Krikelas
(1983) has defined it as the “recognition of the existence of uncertainty”.
While, N. Ford in 1983 defined it as “recognition of the existence of
uncertainty and described it as something which prevents an individual from
making progress in a difficult situation”.
b) Types: Information is a power and so it is needed in virtually
every field of human thought and action and by everyone for some purpose or the
other. According to Carol C.
Kuhlthou (1991) in the process of information searching, initially a person
first becomes aware of knowledge or understanding, feeling of uncertainty and
apprehension. This is the stage showing the need for information. Information
need generally varies from individual to individual, according to their working
condition, the discipline in which they are working, the time, etc.
Tague
has presented the following types of information needs-
i) Social or Pragmative Information
Need: Required to cope with day to day life;
ii) Recreational information
need;
iii) Professional information
need;
iv) Educational information need.
Krikelas
on the basis of information seeking behavior, categorized information need as
i) Immediate Need;
ii) Deferred Need.
David
Bawden (1986) identifies four kinds of information in particular for aiding the
creative process. They are-
i) Interdisciplinary information;
ii) Peripheral information;
iii) Exceptions and
inconsistencies.
Melvin
J. Voigt’s (1961) study revealed that the same person could interact with the
information system in different ways at different times depending upon his
purpose in relation to his works, stage of his works, general interest, amount
of information already available to him and so on. According to him, a
scientist’s use of information arises from three different needs. These are -
i) Current Approach: The need to know what other scientists have
recently done or are doing. It keeps up to date with the current progress of a
scientist’s field.
iii) Exhaustive Approach: The need to find and check through all
the relevant information existing on a given subject.
Later
a fourth type of information need was added to the Voigt’s types of information
need by other workers in the same field.
iv) Catching up or Brushing up Approach: A worker may at times need
to have a brief but a complete picture of the recent development of a related
subject in which he was not very much interested or which did not come within
the area of his main interest. In such cases he needs a catching up approach.
The
need of the scientist at different levels makes him adopt different approaches
to gather the requited information.
Information
needs also can be categorised as follows:
i) Information for its Own Sake: Information for its own sake are
to live in this world in order to know the world and our surrounding
environment. Therefore, no action is necessarily taken on this type of
information.
ii) Professional Need: Information is needed to meet the
professional need, to cope up and compete with other professionals in the
subject. Professionals such as doctors, lawyers, librarians and others need
information to pursue their vocations. They cannot afford to ignore new
development in their respective fields. Their ignorance about the latest
development in the field would affect their performance. Engineers,
technologists, business executives need information for solving the problems
related to their respective profession.
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