UGC NET Paper II and III Write up International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC) , Ph 078-380-243-65

International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC): The International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC) is an informal organization that began meeting in 1997. Comprising about sixty library consortia in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel, and Australia, the Coalition represents over 5,000 member libraries worldwide. The Coalition serves primarily higher education institutions by facilitating discussion among its members on issues of common interest.
ICOLC conducts meetings to keep its members informed about new electronic information resources, pricing practices of electronic providers and vendors, and other issues of importance to consortium directors and their governing boards. These meetings also provide a forum for consortial representatives to meet with the information provider community, discuss their products, and engage in a dialog with Coalition members about issues of mutual concern. The ICOLC also maintains list serves and web pages for the benefit of its members. Information about the ICOLC can be found at

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Information Need , Ph 078-380-243-65

Information Need: The information needs; demands and wants have been used interchangeably, although they may not be identical. Information need involves a cognitive process which may operate on different levels of consciousness and, hence, may not be clear even to the inquirer himself / herself.

            People in different situations require information on a subject in different forms and with different emphasis and different depth of explanation. Even the same person seeks information in different ways and forms on various occasions depending on his/her knowledge of the subject and the reasons for wanting the information. So the information need is very difficult to define and categorize.

a) Definition: Information need is seen as a subjective, relative concept existing only in the mind of the experiencing individual. The Librarian’s Thesaurus defined information need as “that need which library science and material are intended to satisfy”.

            Maurice B. Line has defined information need as “what an individual ought to have for his works, his research, his education, his recreation, etc”.

            According to Brenda Dervin, “an information need is an impediment preventing an individual from moving forward in cognitive time and space. The person is faced with a gap that must be brought by “asking question, creating ideas and for obtaining resources. Such gaps do not occur in the abstract but arise out of a particular critical event and situation”.

            Faibisoff and Ely (1976) viewed information need as either shaped by activity such as problem solving or decision making or manifest through a passive reception of information which is stored as knowledge.

            Krikelas (1983) has defined it as the “recognition of the existence of uncertainty”. While, N. Ford in 1983 defined it as “recognition of the existence of uncertainty and described it as something which prevents an individual from making progress in a difficult situation”.

b) Types: Information is a power and so it is needed in virtually every field of human thought and action and by everyone for some purpose or the other.         According to Carol C. Kuhlthou (1991) in the process of information searching, initially a person first becomes aware of knowledge or understanding, feeling of uncertainty and apprehension. This is the stage showing the need for information. Information need generally varies from individual to individual, according to their working condition, the discipline in which they are working, the time, etc.

            Tague has presented the following types of information needs-

i) Social or Pragmative Information Need: Required to cope with day to day life;

ii) Recreational information need;

iii) Professional information need;

iv) Educational information need.

            Krikelas on the basis of information seeking behavior, categorized information need as

i) Immediate Need;

ii) Deferred Need.

            David Bawden (1986) identifies four kinds of information in particular for aiding the creative process. They are-

i) Interdisciplinary information;

ii) Peripheral information;

iii) Exceptions and inconsistencies.

            Melvin J. Voigt’s (1961) study revealed that the same person could interact with the information system in different ways at different times depending upon his purpose in relation to his works, stage of his works, general interest, amount of information already available to him and so on. According to him, a scientist’s use of information arises from three different needs. These are -

i) Current Approach: The need to know what other scientists have recently done or are doing. It keeps up to date with the current progress of a scientist’s field.

ii) Everyday Approach: The needs that come to the scientist in course of his work for some specific piece of information. This need is directly connected with the research work or the problem at hand.

iii) Exhaustive Approach: The need to find and check through all the relevant information existing on a given subject.

            Later a fourth type of information need was added to the Voigt’s types of information need by other workers in the same field.

iv) Catching up or Brushing up Approach: A worker may at times need to have a brief but a complete picture of the recent development of a related subject in which he was not very much interested or which did not come within the area of his main interest. In such cases he needs a catching up approach.

            The need of the scientist at different levels makes him adopt different approaches to gather the requited information.

            Information needs also can be categorised as follows:

i) Information for its Own Sake: Information for its own sake are to live in this world in order to know the world and our surrounding environment. Therefore, no action is necessarily taken on this type of information.

ii) Professional Need: Information is needed to meet the professional need, to cope up and compete with other professionals in the subject. Professionals such as doctors, lawyers, librarians and others need information to pursue their vocations. They cannot afford to ignore new development in their respective fields. Their ignorance about the latest development in the field would affect their performance. Engineers, technologists, business executives need information for solving the problems related to their respective profession.

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Indexing and Abstracting Service , Ph 078-380-239-56

Indexing and Abstracting Service: An abstract or summary is a short statement of the most important points in a text. Abstract – especially refers to scientific papers where as summary – refers to more general news stories, administrative documents, reports, etc.

            The manual abstracting is typically done by a human being.  In automatic abstracting, abstracting is typically done by computer system. Automatic Abstracting are very complicated, often fragile, slow in production and available in some restricted domain only.

a) Automatic Indexing: Automatic indexing is the process of assigning and arranging index terms by machine without human intervention. As suggested by Eugene Garfield it is actually improper to use the word “automatic indexing” rather it should be called as “algorithmic indexing”.

            In automatic indexing (or algorithmic indexing), the computer programme identifies the words in a text and their location, and then the collected words are alphabetized. In doing so definite and indefinite articles, prepositions and other words on a so-called stop list are not included in the program's output. Even some word processors provide this capability.

The advantages of automatic indexing include speed of generation and negligible cost associated with its generation.

No computer programme however intelligible makes full judgment; don’t have the expertise, intelligence or audience awareness that is needed to create usable indexes. The main drawback of automatic indexing is that indexes produced in this way are generally list of words in a document than truly usable indexes. This is as because to generate index, abstraction is more important than alphabetization.  Abstractions result from intellectual processes based on judgments about what to include and what to exclude and any computer devoid of it. Sometimes in index even the terminology that does not makes its appearance on the document contents are make available in the index and they are directed to the synonymous word within document. Eg. In biological indexing separate entries may be needed for scientific names even it was not mentioned in the document. Again, there are many occasions when a document lists some terminology without details information about them. A manual indexer will avoid such terminology from being included in the index, but computer will not be able to make a difference.

Indexing is necessary for retrieval purposes than other more conventional terms and concepts. The indexes of web documents created by some robotic devices of search engine are quite effective in meeting this end. Again, while facilitating the production of the Science Citation Index, the ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) system has been operating successfully for over years. All these services have many consumers and are sufficient to prove the usefulness of automatic (algorithmic?) indexing. Nowadays automatic indexing is even used in large scale by search engine as well as other peoples for various reasons and they are quite effective within their scope though they need to go further to replace the indexers.

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