Machine Readable Cataloguing
21 (MARC 21): The MARC 21 is a standard format for the representation and
communication of bibliographic and related information in machine readable
form. The MARC 21 is a new name of harmonization of CANMARC and USMARC in a
single edition. In 1987, the Library of Congress issued the first edition of
the document MARC 21. Subsequent editions were published in 1990, 1994 and
2000. a) Necessity of MARC 21: Mark 21is necessary because of the following factors:
i) Lack of standardization among different national MARC
formats;
ii) Lack of internationally accepted cataloguing code to
MARC record;
iii) Diverse functions of bibliographic agencies;
iv) Lack of agreement among different bibliographic
communities.
b) Maintenance of MARC 21: The
Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada serve as the maintenance
agency for MARC 21. The MARC 21 format, documentation and reviewing and
revision are done by the Machine Readable Bibliographic Information Committee
(MARBI). MARBI is a committee of the ALA. MARBI meets in conjunction with MARC
advisory committee at each American Library Association (ALA) conference.
c) Standard Used in MARC 21
i) Cataloguing Code: AACR II;
ii) Subject Heading: LCSH;
iii) Classification Scheme: DDC;
iv) ISO 2709 and ANSI / NISO Z39.2.
Till now, MARC
21 remains the standard one which is widely accepted in different library
softwares and also in different countries.
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Library of Congress: The Library of Congress is the national
library (National libraries) of the United States. Founded in 1800, the
Library of Congress was originally housed in part of the Capitol building. In
1897, the Library got its own building (now known as the Jefferson Building).
The Guinness Book of World Records currently lists the Library of Congress as
the "World's Largest Library". This apparently is based on the shelf
space the collection occupies.
The Library of Congress states that its
collection fills about 530 miles (850 km) of shelves. It holds about 130
million items with 29 million books. It is estimated that the print holdings of
the Library of Congress would, if digitized and stored as plain text,
constitute 17 to 20 terabytes of information.
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Library Classification: Classification
means putting together the like-entities and separating the unlike entities.
The characteristics of entities are used as a basis for determining the
likeness and unlikeness between them. A class consists of entities which are
like in some respects and possessing certain qualities in common. This helps in
distinguish them from another class of entities.
1. Definition: A library
classification is a system of coding and organizing library materials (books,
serials, audiovisual, computer files, maps, photographs, manuscripts, regalia,
gramophone records, tape records, microfilm and so on) according to their
subject. It provides formal access to documents in a library.
Sayers
defines library classification as “the arrangement of books on shelves or
description of them in the manner which is most helpful to those who read”. The
emphasis is on usefulness so that the users can locate the document without
complication.
According
to Margaret Mann, classification is “the arranging of things according to
likeness and unlikeness. It is the sorting and grouping of things, but in
addition classification of books is a knowledge classification with adjustment
made necessary by the physical forms of books.”
According
to S.R. Ranganathan, “it is the translation of the name of the subject of a
book into a preferred artificial language of ordinal numbers and the
individualization of the several books dealing with the same specific subject
by means of a further set of ordinal numbers which represents some features of
the book other than their thought content”. The first of these ordinal numbers
is called the class number of the book. The second ordinal numbers is called
its book number. The class number and the book number together constitute the
call number of the book.
The library
classification system provides a system for organizing the knowledge embodied
in books, CD, web, etc. It supplies a notation (in case of DDC, it is Arabic
numerals) to the document. The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is a
general knowledge organization tool that is continuously revised to keep pace
with the development of knowledge. It is the most widely used classification
scheme in the world. Libraries in more than 135 countries use the DDC to
organize their collection. It is also used over the web for organizing the web
resources for the purpose of browsing.
2. Need: Until
19th century, most libraries had closed stacks, so the library
classification only served to organize the subject catalogue. In the 20th
century, libraries opened their stacks to the public and started to shelve the
library material itself according to certain library classification scheme to
simplify subject browsing. So classification is needed for providing the
following advantages
i) Helpful Sequence: Classification
brings the like documents together on the shelf in a helpful sequence providing
approach through subject.
ii) Locate a Particular Document: A
library collects / preserves documents. It is very difficult to locate a
required document from a system of disorderly collection. So, it needs classification
to bring order to the collection.
iii) Self Help: Classification helps the
locating of document by the patron of the library itself, thus requiring less
assistance from the library staff.
iv) Correct Replacement: Documents would
be taken out from shelves by the users or library staff. The classification
helps in the correct replacement of documents after these have been returned
from use.
v) Mechanical Arrangement: The
classification helps the mechanization of the collection by allocating notation.
3. Different
Schemes of Classification: To derive the particular class number different
libraries use different classification schemes. All classification schemes can
be categorized into three kinds- based on the language, based on the synthesis
and based on arrangement. Let us discuss them in detail
Based on the language library classification
can be:
i)
English-Speaking World:In the English –speaking countries Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC), Library of Congress Classification (LC), Bliss Bibliographic
Classification (BC), Dickinson Classification
are generally followed.
ii)
Non English Speaking World:
Non English speaking countries use NipponDecimal Classification (NDC),
Principesde Classement des
Documents Musicaux (PCDM), Chinese Library Classification (CLC), Korean Decimal
Classification (KDC), etc.
Synthesis
means combining codes from different lists to represent the different
attributes of a work. Based on synthesis library classification may be Bibliographic
Classification by Bliss, Colon Classification
by Ranganathan, Expansive Classification by Cutter, Universal Decimal
Classification, etc.
Based on the
arrangement there are three main types of classification systems:
i)
Enumerative:Produce
an alphabetical list of subject headings; assign numbers to each heading in
alphabetical order. The most common classification systems, LC and DDC, are
essentially enumerative, though with some hierarchical and faceted elements,
especially at the broadest and most general level.
ii) Hierarchical:Divides subjects hierarchically, from
general to specific.
iii)
Faceted or analytico-synthetic:Divides
subjects into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets. The first true faceted
system was theColonclassification
of S. R. Ranganathan.
iv) Specialist Classification:
Specialist classification systems have been developed for particular subject
areas, and some specialist libraries develop their own classification system
that emphasizes those areas they specialize in. An example is the Medical
Subject Headings devised by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). Another
example is the specialist classification system for art and iconography
(Iconclass). There are also emerging metadata standards that are being
developed for web resources, digital images, and other specialized materials.
4. Dewey
Decimal Classification: The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is
the world’s most widely used library classification system. American librarian
and library educator Melville Dewey devised the system in 1873 while he was a
student atAmherstCollegeinMassachusetts. The Dewey
Decimal system was first published in 1876 as “A Classification and Subject
Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library”. It
appeared in the form of a small book of 44 pages. The Decimal Classification
Editorial Policy Committee (EPC) was established in 1937 to serve as an
advisory body to the Dewey Decimal Classification. In 1988, Online Computer
Library Center, Inc (OCLC) acquired the DDC. The editorial headquarters was
located at the Library of Congress in the Decimal Classification Division. The
editors prepare the proposed schedule revisions and expansions, and forward the
proposals to EPC for review and recommended action. Nowadays, DDC is published
by Online Computer Library Center, Inc in full and abridged editions. The
abridged edition targets the general libraries having less than 20,000 titles.
Both the full and abridged editions are available in print as well as in
electronic version.
4.1 Introduction to 22nd
Edition of DDC: The edition 22 is the first edition of the DDC, which is
produced in the context of the web environment. DDC 22 is composed of the
following major parts in four volumes.
a) Volume 1: It
includes special features of edition 22, introduction regarding how to use the
DDC, glossary, index to the introduction and glossary, a manual (guide to the
use of the DDC), and six numbered tables. It also has the lists that compare
editions 21 and 22 with the list of relocated, discontinued and reused numbers.
b) Volume 2: It
includes DDC summaries (the top three levels of the DDC), and schedules (from
000-599). The summaries will help you to visualize at a glance the structure
and scope of various subjects as laid down in DDC.
The first
summary contains ten main classes. The first digit in each three-digit number
represents the main class. For example, 600 represents technology.
The second summary contains the
hundred divisions, ten for each main class. The second digit in each
three-digit number indicates the division. For example, 600 is used for
general works on technology, 610 for medicine and health, 620 for
engineering, 630 for agriculture.
The third summary contains the
thousand sections. The third digit in each three-digit number indicates the section.
Thus, 610 is used for general works on medicine and health, 611
for human anatomy, 612 for human physiology, 613 for personal
health and safety.
c) Volume 3: It
includes the organization of knowledge schedules from 600-999.
d) Volume 4: It
includes a relative index. The relative index (it relates subjects to
discipline) contains an alphabetical list of subjects with the disciplines in
which they are treated as sub-arranged alphabetically under each entry.
4.2 Understanding the
Structure of DDC: The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system uses simple
decimal notation to divide recorded knowledge into 10 main classes at the
broadest level which together cover the entire world of knowledge. Each main
class is further divided into ten divisions, and each division into ten
sections giving 100 divisions and 1,000 sections. All the numbers for the
divisions and sections have not been used.
a) Tables: The six tables in the DDC are as following
T1Standard Subdivisions
T2Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons
T3Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for
Specific Literary Forms
T4Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
T5Ethnic and National Groups
T6Languages
The notation
from T1can be added to any numbers unless there is an instruction in the
schedules or tables to the contrary. The other table notations may be added
only when instructions are given in the schedules or tables.
b) Summaries: The Dewey Decimal
Classification divides human knowledge into ten basic categories, with
subdivisions indicated by decimal notation. Each of the ten main classes has
the potential to be broken down into smaller multiples of ten. The word decimal
in the name of the classification system comes from decem, the Latin word for “ten”.
DDC has three summaries. The first summaries
includes 10 main classes, the second summary includes 100divisions and the third summary includes 1000
sections.
i) First Summary: The ten primary
classes of DDC are as follows:
000 Generalities
100 Philosophy
and psychology
200 Religion
300 Social
sciences
400 Language
500 Natural
sciences and mathematics
600 Technology
(applied sciences)
700 The arts;
fine and decorative arts
800 Literature
and rhetoric
900 Geography
and history
A brief
explanation of each of the class is given below.
000: Class 000 is the most
general class. It includes the works that are not limited to any one specific
discipline or the works that are related to information and knowledge. It
includes encyclopedias, newspapers, general periodicals, computer science,
library and information science, journalism, etc.
100: Class 100 covers
Philosophy, Parapsychology and occultism, and Psychology.
200: Class 200 is devoted
to Religion.
300: Class 300 covers the
social sciences that include Sociology, Anthropology, Statistics, Political
science, Economics, Law, Public administration, Social problems and services,
Education, Commerce, Communications, Transportation, Custom (including folk
literature), etc.
400: It comprises
languages, linguistics, and specific languages.
500: It includes Natural sciences and Mathematics. 600: Class 600 includes technology. 700: It covers arts in general, fine and decorative
arts, music, and the performing arts. It also includes recreation, including
sports and games. 800: It covers literature, and includes rhetoric,
prose, poetry, drama, etc. 900: It is devoted to History and Geography.
ii) Second Summary: Again, each of the 10 Main Classes is
subdivided into 10 Divisions resulting in 100 Divisions on the whole. The
entire second summary is reproduced bellow for your reference. You should
remember the first and second summary of DDC fully.
000 Computer science, knowledge
& systems
010 Bibliographies
020 Library & information
sciences
030 Encyclopedias & books of
facts
040 [Unassigned]
050 Magazines, journals &
serials
060 Associations, organizations
& museums
070 News media, journalism &
publishing
080 Quotations
090 Manuscripts & rare books
100 Philosophy
110 Metaphysics
120 Epistemology
130 Parapsychology & occultism
140 Philosophical schools of
thought
150 Psychology
160 Logic
170 Ethics
180 Ancient, medieval &
eastern philosophy
190 Modern western philosophy
200 Religion
210 Philosophy & theory of
religion
220 The Bible
230 Christianity & Christian
theology
240 Christian practice &
observance
250 Christian pastoral practice
& religious orders
260 Christian organization,
social work & worship
270 History of Christianity
280 Christian denominations
290 Other religions
300 Social sciences, Sociology
& Anthropology
310 Statistics
320 Political science
330 Economics
340 Law
350 Public administration &
military science
360 Social problems & social
services
370 Education
380 Commerce, communications
& transportation
390 Customs, etiquette &
folklore
400 Language
410 Linguistics
420 English & Old English
languages
430 German & related
languages
440 French & related
languages
450 Italian, Romanian &
related languages
460 Spanish & Portuguese
languages
470 Latin & Italic languages
480 Classical & modern Greek
languages
490 Other languages
500 Science
510 Mathematics
520 Astronomy
530 Physics
540 Chemistry
550 Earth sciences & geology
560 Fossils & prehistoric
life
570 Life science; Biology
580 Plants (Botany)
590 Animals (Zoology)
600 Technology
610 Medicine & health
620 Engineering
630 Agriculture
640 Home & family management
650 Management & public
relations
660 Chemical engineering
670 Manufacturing
680 Manufacture for specific uses
690 Building & construction
700 Arts
710 Landscaping & area
planning
720 Architecture
730 Sculpture, ceramics &
metalwork
740 Drawing & decorative arts
750 Painting
760 Graphic arts
770 Photography & computer
art
780 Music
790 Sports, games &
entertainment
800 Literature, Rhetoric &
Criticism
810 American literatures in
English
820 English & Old English
literatures
830 German & related
literature
840 French & related
literatures
850 Italian, Romanian &
related literatures
860 Spanish & Portuguese
literature
870 Latin & Italic
literatures
880 Classical & modern Greek
literature
890 Other literatures
900 History
910 Geography & travel
920 Biography & geography
930 History of ancient world (to
ca. 499)
940 History of Europe
950 History of Asia
960 History of Africa
970 History of North
America
980 History of South
America
990 History of other areas
iii) Third Summary: In the
third summaries, each one of the 100 divisions is further subdivided into 10
sections resulting in 1000 sections. For the copyright issue, the third summary
is not included here in this unit. But, you can find the complete summaries of
DDC 22nd edition over OCLC website (http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/default.htm),
and Chopac.org (http://chopac.org/cgi-bin/tools/ddc22.pl).
The Chopac.org provides the DDC summaries of 22nd edition in a very
easy to browse, and search structure. You can also use this interface to obtain
the main class number of any document.
c) Schedules: Schedules contain the schedules of Class Numbers
assigned in numeric order from 000 to 999. To follow the correct use of the
Schedules, it is necessary to understand the various notes and instructions
suggested in different entries. So, let’s explore the schedule in some details.
Entries
in the schedules and tables are composed of DDC number in the left margin, a
heading describing the class that the number represents, and often one or more
notes. All entries, numbers, headings, and notes should be read in the context
of hierarchy. The first three digits of schedule number appears only once, when
first used, in the number column. They are repeated at the top of each page
where their subdivisions continue. Subordinate numbers appear in the number
column, beginning with a decimal point. The numbers and notes in parentheses
provide options to standard practice. Numbers in square brackets represent the
topics that have been reallocated or discontinued, or unassigned. Square
brackets are also used for standard subdivision concepts that are represented
in another location.
Only
a fraction of the potential DDC numbers is included in the schedules. It is
often necessary to build or synthesize a number that is not specifically listed
in the schedules. If you turn the third page of the schedule (Vol 2), you will
see that entries start with the notation “000” at the top of the page and a
summary of all divisions and sections below it. In the 5th page you
will see the first entry that is “001” which stands for knowledge, and below it
the numbers and descriptions and different notes to arrive at the correct class
number of a document.
d) Relative Index: The
volume 4 contains the Relative Index. It is an alphabetical list of all the
subjects given in the Schedules and Tables. It is called the Relative Index
because it brings together under the name of the subject the various aspects of
a subject which are scattered in the schedules according to the disciplines.
This index not only arranges the concepts and their terms in an alphabetical
sequence but also shows the relation between the terms and the contexts in
which the subjects appear in the Schedule. It is a key to the Schedules as well
as an independent approach to classification. In the index, all possible
subjects are included under main divisions and sub-divisions so that the
classifier finds it easy to search out the possible subjects under the
alphabetical list of relative index. The numbers that are given for subjects in
the index are readymade numbers, but they are not the same as those of the
schedule. The classifier has to finally decide the number himself.
4.3 Steps for Classifying
with DDC: While doing the classification of a document one should procede
to the class number in the following ways
a) Determine the Subject: First,
try to determine the subject of the book or document in your hand. The title
often provides a clue to the subject, but it should never be the sole source of
analysis. The subject which the book deals with can be determined by going
through the table of contents, chapter headings, the preface or introduction,
and the book jacket or the accompanying materials.
If
a work includes multiple subjects, class it under the subject that is being
acted upon (rule of application). The rule of application takes precedence over
any other rule. For instance, class an analytical work dealing with
Shakespeare’ influence on Keats with the subject Keats. Class a work (book) on
two subjects with the subjects receiving fuller treatment. If two subjects
receive equal treatment, class the work with the subject whose number comes
first in the DDC schedules (first-of-two rule). For example, history dealing
equally with the United States
and Japan, should be classed
under history of Japan,
because 952 Japan precedes
973 United States (even if
in the title of the work United
States appears first, and it is discussed
first in the contents of the work). Class a work in which three or more
subjects are treated equally but are all subdivisions of a broader subject in
the first higher number that includes them all (rule of three). For instance, a
history of Portugal (946.9),
Sweden (948.5), and Greece (949.5) is classed with the history of Europe (940).
b) Determine the Discipline: After
determining the subject the classifier should try to determine the disciplinary
focus and, if possible, the approach or form of the work.
If
a work is dealing with more than one discipline, interdisciplinary number
should be provided to the work.
If
you are not able to determine the subject and the discipline of the book in
hand, you can consult “The Relative Index”. It will help by suggesting the
discipline(s) in which a subject is normally treated.
c) Consult the Schedule: The
schedules are the only place where all the information about coverage and use
of the numbers may be found. So, once the subject has been determined and
information on the discipline has been found, the classifier should turn to the
schedules. The summaries, headings and notes within the schedules will provide
the necessary guidance to arrive at the appropriate class number.
In
the schedule of DDC, special headings, notes, and entries indicate
relationships among the topics that violate the notational hierarchy. The notes
are usually given at the highest level of application. For example, the scope
note at 700 applies to 730 to 736 and to 736.4. So, during the process of
classifying a document the classifier has to turn the pages up and down.
Even if the
classifier has used “The Relative Index”, he should still rely on the structure
of the classification schedule to arrive at the proper class number of a work.
Even the most promising Relative Index citations must be verified in the
schedules.
d) Close and Broad
Classification: Close classification means that the content of a work
is specified by notation to the fullest extent possible. Broad classification
means that the work is placed in a broad class by the use of notation that has
been logically abridged. For example, a work on French cooking is classed
closely at 641.5944 (641.59 Cooking by place + 44 France from the T1), or broadly at
641.5 (Cooking). The DDC provides the basic options of close versus broad
classification. A library should choose between these two option based on the
size of its collection and the needs of its users. The abridged edition of the
DDC is another source for broad classification.
e) Other Points: It
should be noted that DDC uses the convention that no number should have fewer
than three digits; zeros are used to fill in the numbers. A decimal point (or
dot) follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten
continues to the specific degree of classification needed. The “dot” is not
used as a decimal point in the mathematical sense; it used to ease the
transcription and copying of the class numbers.
A number should
never end in a zero anywhere to the right of the decimal point. Again,
subdivisions beginning with zero should be avoided if there is a choice between
zero and 1-9 at the same point in the hierarchy of the notation (rule of zero).
4.4 Examples of Classifying
a Document with DDC Summaries: Now let’s try to classify some general books
practically, wherein we do not require to use seven tables and the details
about the Schedules. For classification of such books, the three summaries of DDC
and the Relative Index will be enough. Now, for example, take a book whose name
is “A Text Book of Geometry”
Here, in the
title, it is very easy and expressive enough to determine the subject. Geometry
is the branch of Mathematics and it will come under science. So, go to the
first summary wherein you will find “500 Science”, then consult the second
summary, wherein under 500 you will find “510 Mathematics”. Now, in the third
summary under “510 Mathematics”, you will find “516 Geometry”. Now, consult the
schedule for verification. In the schedule also the 516 is for Geometry. So,
the class number of the above book will be “516”.
Now,
suppose, in lieu of the above approach you want to move from the Relative
Index. In such cases, find the word Geometry in the page number 331 of volume
4. Opposite to the word you will find the number “516” in the following format.
Geometry516
famous
problems516.204
Now
consult the schedule for verification. In page number 515 of volume 2, you will
find “516 Geometry”, so the class number of the above book will be “516”.
4.5 Classification of
Document by Using the Web: The cost of DDC is very high. Every library in India and in
other developing countries cannot afford to have a set of DDC as its own. But
the classification of the documents in a library is a must. To meet this end,
librarians can use some tools and techniques to have a class number of a
document they have procured in their library. There are some excellent tools
over the web that share the class numbers. Some of these tools and techniques
are discussed bellow. They will provide the readymade class number of a
document and will save the time of the classifier. We may not require to follow
these options if we have a set of DDC. We are to only follow the options listed
below in the event of not having a set of DDC. We can also follow these options
to verify the class number obtained by consulting the DDC on our own.
a) Classify: An Experimental Classification Web Service: OCLC
Research experimental classification service launched “Classify” (http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/)
which is targeted to support the assignment of class number and subject heading
by using the web. The interface can be used both by a machine as well as human
being. It provides access to more than 36 million collectively built records
from a large pool of related resources. Each record in the database contains
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) numbers, Library of Congress Classification
(LCC) numbers, or National Library of Medicine (NLM) Classification numbers,
and subject headings from the Faceted Application of Subject Terminology
(FAST).
In the database
of Classify (http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/)
by inputting any one or in combination of some basic information related to the
document, the class number or subject heading can be obtained. The inputted
information may be of the following types-
i) ISBN: You can use the
10 or 13 digit ISBN. The ISBN should be used without hyphens in between. You
can find more about ISBN over: http://www.isbn-international.org/
ii) OCLC #: Each
bibliographic record in the WorldCat has a unique number that range from 1 to 9
digits in length. You can also use this number to find out the information from
the database. More about OCLC#is available over: http://www.worldcat.org/links/default.jsp
iii) Barcode / The Universal
Product Code (UPC): You can use the 12 digits UPC number found in the
document. You can know more about Barcode over: http://www.gs1us.org/
iv) International Standard Serial
Number (ISSN): You can use the eight digits ISSN with or without hyphen
(as it is appeared in the document). You can know more about ISSN over: http://www.issn.org
v) Title and / or Author:
You can also use full title of the document or some portion of it or its author
or both the title and the author as a combined search.
vi) Faceted Application of
Subject Terminology (FAST): You can also use the FAST controlled
vocabulary that is based on the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).
You can collect more information about FAST over: http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/fast/
If you go to
(http://classify.oclc.org/) web address and enter the ISBN / ISSN or any standard
number correctly in the interface it sometimes shows a “No data found for the
input argument” error. But, if you use the title and some portion of the
authors’ name of the same document it shows the result. It happens probably
because sometimes people perhaps do not entered those fields in the records of
the database, while preparing it.
Entering some
portion of the title and the first author’s surname (or sometimes the forename)
of the document in the interface mostly leads to the relevant document and
class number. You can use this option as your first approach to obtain the
class number of the document or its subject heading.
Fig. 1 : Home Page
of Classify of OCLC
b) DeweyBrowser: The
DeweyBrowser (http://deweybrowser.oclc.org) provides
access to approximately 2.5 million records from the OCLC Worldcat database.
You can also use this interface to obtain readymade class number of a document
in your library. Just make a search by entering the complete title of the
document in the search box of the site to have its class number.
Fig.
2 : Home Page of DeweyBrowser
c) ISBNdb.com: ISBNdb.com (http://isbndb.com/)is a database of books that is built by taking data from hundreds of
libraries across the world. It is developed by Andrew Maltsev. He has also a
company named Ejelta LLC (http://ejelta.com/), based
in San Gabriel, CA. This ISBNdb.com is one of the outputs of
the company. You can enter the keywords, book title, author, publisher, topic
or ISBN of the document in its search box to have its class number. After
displaying the result by the interface, click on the most relevant title under
the heading of “Books Matching (‘your enter title’)” and consult the “Dewey
Class:” under “Classification:” heading. Here you will find the classification
number of the document you are looking for.
If
you don’t find the heading “Classification:” or you find the heading
“Classification:” but don’t find the “Dewey Class:” then you should move to the
appropriate title under “Libraries this book has an entry in:”. Now under the
“MARC Record” you should consult the number against: 092: $a: or 082. This will
be your classification number of the document you were looking for.
Fig. 3 : Home Page of ISBNdb.com
d) Library of Congress Online
Catalogue: To classify document by using Library of Congress Online
Catalogue (http://catalog.loc.gov/),
enter the address http://catalog.loc.gov/ in
the address bar of your browser, and then click on “Alternative Interface to
the LC Online Catalog (Z39.50)”. It will lead you to a new screen, from where
you have to opt for “Advanced Search (multiple terms using Boolean operators)”.
In the new page you have arrived at (it will look just like the following) you
can search for class numbers by entering different details about the document
in your library. Your search term may be the name of the author, title, series,
ISBN, ISSN, publisher and many others to choose from. After submission of the
details in the interface you have to click on "Submit Query" and then
should navigate to “More on this record". Now, against the "Dewey
No.:", you will find the class number of the document you are searching
for. Please note that for some titles you will not be able to find DDC number
in this database, as it was mainly designed by using the Library of Congress
Classification number.
Fig. 4 : Home Page of Library of
Congress Online Catalogue
Exercise
Type the title, author and ISBN of ten books recently acquired by your library
and classify those titles by following the different online methods listed
above.
The WebDewey
also offers easy-to-use, World Wide Web-based access to the Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) and related information, with searching and browsing
capabilities. One can also find Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
intellectually and statistically mapped to Dewey numbers; and links from the
mapped LCSH to the corresponding LCSH authority records. It is also an
excellent tool for online classification of the document, but the bad thing is
that it is a paid service. It costs from $ 225-$575 per year.
4.6 Let Us Sum Up: In
this unit you have learnt how to classify a document by using the DDC summaries
as well as by using different online tools and techniques. Sometimes a book
itself may contain the classification number. In such cases, you can simply
copy down that classification number from Cataloguing in Publication (CIP)
data. The CIP will provide classification number, subject headings, and notes.
This type of data is very common in the verso of the title page of many books
published from U.S., Australia, British, and Canada. So, if
you have a book published from the above countries, try to find the CIP data
and copy it to your document.
The
unit takes into account the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) that includes
the structure of the DDC consisting of Tables, Summaries, Schedules and
Relative Index. Classification of document by using the web is another
important point of discussion in the unit. In this section the relevant matter
includes “Classify”, Dewey Browser, ISBNdb.com and Library of Congress Online
Catalogue. Each of these concepts has been exercised to give an idea about the
use of the web for classification.
5. Library
of Congress Classification: In 1898 a group under the guidance of J. C. M.
Hanson, the head of the catalog division at the Library of Congress inWashington,
D.C, and Charles Martel, the library’s chief classifier, developed the first
part of the Library of Congress (LC) Classification system. In the years that
followed, numerous specialists contributed to the further development of the
system and expanded it to cover other subject areas.
The
Library of Congress Classification system divides human knowledge into 21 major
classes, using letters of the English alphabet for each, with further
subdivisions indicated by decimal notation. The system does not use the letters
I, O, W, X, and Y.
The
major classes of the Library of Congress Classification system are as follows:
A General works
B Philosophy;
psychology; religion
C Auxiliary
sciences of history
D History:
General andOld
World
E-F History:America
G Geography;
anthropology; recreation
H Social
sciences
J Political
science
K Law
L Education
M Music and
books on music
N Fine arts
P Languages and
literature
Q Science
R Medicine
S Agriculture
T Technology
U Military
science
V Naval science
Z Library
science
6. Universal
Decimal Classification: UDC, which was designed to facilitate the
organization of a universal bibliography of all recorded knowledge, first made
its origin atBelgiumin 1895 by bibliographers Paul Otlet
and Henri La Fontaine. Initially UDC was based on the fifth edition of the
Dewey Decimal Classification that combines notation to express multiple
concepts. The Universal Decimal Classification system is issued by the
International Federation for Documentation, inthe
Hague,Netherlands, which is responsible
for its ongoing revision.
7. ColonClassification:In 1933 Indian librarian Shiyali
Ramamrita Ranganathan introduced the Colon Classification system, which
classifies all knowledge into broad, fundamental concepts. TheColonsystem then divides these concepts
into several distinguishing characteristics, which Ranganathan called facets.
The classification system uses colons (:) to distinguish between the various
facets in a single notation and the name “Colon Classification system” is
derived from its use in its notation scheme.
In
United States,
most research and academic libraries use Library of Congress Classification,
while most schools and public libraries use Dewey Decimal Classification. The
UDC system is widely used in Europe, Latin America,Russia,
andJapan. Although the use of the
Colon Classification system is limited to a few Indian libraries, Ranganathan’s
concept of facet analysis in classifying knowledge has been widely recognized.
Some of its key concepts have been adopted by subsequent editions of the DDC or
UDC, among others.
Terms
Classifier: The library professional who is engaged in the
process of classifying of library materials is called a classifier or
classifier librarian.
8. Allotting Class Number: In classifying, a classifier first
takes up those books which are additional copies or new editions of works
available in the library. In such cases, he/she would put down the call number
in the book order slip and on the process slip along with the fact whether the
book in hand is an additional copy or a new edition. Sequence numbers are also
copied in the processing slip. The rest of the books received by a classifier
are sorted by basic classes. The indexes attached to the classification
schedules are used to find out the basic class numbers. Each basic class is
taken, one by one. In the process of classification, based on the subject
content of the item, a class number is assigned by consulting the schedules.
The classification of the document can be made by manual means or by copy cataloguing,
etc. The practice of complete reliance on the indexes for deriving the class
number of any document is not advisable. The class numbers so arrived at should
be tallied with the other standard catalogues, if necessity arises, especially
in doubtful cases. The class numbers are given in pencil on the upper half
portion of the verso of the title page. It is in pencil, because in case there
is some changes in the class numbers, in future it may be corrected without any
damage to the book by rubbing the earlier class numbers. This phenomenon is
common because almost every classification scheme is revised periodically.
9. Allotting Book Number: Generally, the author marks constitute a book
number. Cutter’s Author Table, Cutter-Sanborne Author Table, Merrill’s Author
Table, Author Tables of L. Stanley Jast, Biscore Time Numbers, Ranganathan’s
Book Numbers System may be used to allot author marks. A decision is to be
taken by each library as to which system is to be used for allotting book
numbers.
The class number
and book number together constitute the call number of the book. The call
numbers should be written on the processing slips, adding the sequence number,
wherever required.
10. Assigning Subject Heading: Subject heading is the words or
group of words under which books and other materials on a subject are entered
in a catalogue. The heading may include punctuation to which an arranging
significance may be assigned. In a classified catalogue the subject heading
consists of a classification symbols with or without its verbal meaning. It may
also include entries for all materials on the same subject in an index or
bibliography. For assigning subject heading, Library of Congress List of
Subject Headings, Sears List of Subject Headings, ALA List of Subject Headings,
Ranganathan’s Chain Procedure may be used. The chain procedure method is useful
in deriving proper subject headings. The smaller libraries, where minute
subject headings are not required, may use Sears List of Subject Headings or
ALA List of Subject Headings. But large, research or special libraries may use
the Library of Congress List of Subject Headings which is a very comprehensive
and standard one. Each library due to some local and special conditions may
adopt certain subject headings of its own in order to meet the readers’ demand.
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